Personality Change in the Treatment of Chronic Neurosis in a Therapeutic Community

Abstract

In recent investigations of the neuroses by Foulds and Caine (1958, 1959), certain psychological tests were found to relate to diagnostic category (dysthymia or hysteria) whereas others were related to personality type (hysteroid or obsessoid) as rated by psychiatrists. The diagnostic measures included combinations of the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The measures related to personality type included psychomotor and intellectual speed measures and two specially constructed extra-punitive and intropunitive attitude scales drawn from the MMPI (Foulds, Caine and Creasey, 1960). This distinction between symptoms and traits has been discussed in some detail by Foulds (1961) and no attempt will be made to review his arguments here. In a subsequent investigation, however (Foulds, 1959), he found that following treatment of approximately one month's duration symptom measures changed in psychoneurotic women relatively more than did the personality measures. It was suggested that therapists who were dissatisfied with the mere alleviation of symptoms might try to change some of the personality scores. The implication is that changes in test measures related to symptomatology are more readily accomplished than are changes in tests related to personality traits. This differential suggests a possible parameter for comparative studies of different treatment methods. Therapies directed at personality reorganization and attitude change should produce more profound and enduring changes in the personality measures than should those therapies directed at symptom relief only. These changes should be more systematic and predictable than should those to be expected simply from the passage of time.