Inhibition/Filter Characteristics and Input Impedances of QRS‐Inhibited Demand Pacemakers Determined by in vitro Studies

Abstract

There is still no standardized test procedure established for demand pacemakers. Much work has been done to reduce demand failures, but more knowledge is needed to arrive at better results. This study was initiated by in vivo observations of pacemaker malfunctions and unwanted pacemaker effects, the objective being to arrive at a better match between spontaneous cardiac activity and the pacemaker system. The study describes inhibition characteristics and input impedances in some modern temporary as well as permanent QRS-inhibited pulse generators, based on in vitro experiments with various signal waveforms. The different pulse generators tested showed a wide variety of inhibition characteristics. The interrelationship between signal amplitude and maximum derivative required to obtain pacemaker inhibition is pointed out. A better approach to describe the inhibition characteristics of demand pacemakers seems to be the introduction of the time integral (voltseconds) instead of the maximum derivative of a signal (Fig. 3). It is shown that this method nearly removed the discrepancies in inhibition characteristics between different pulse waveforms used. The input impedances were also widely dispersed and were in some instances of a magnitude so low that it would lead to marked reduction of the electrogram amplitude in case the electrode/tissue interface impedance was high. The characteristics of temporary pulse generators were in several respects different from those of the permanent ones. The results obtained with a temporary unit during a test procedure are therefore not the same as for a permanent pacemaker system.