Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells

Abstract

Following pioneering work¹, solution-processable organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites—such as CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I)—have attracted attention as light-harvesting materials for mesoscopic solar cells^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}. So far, the perovskite pigment has been deposited in a single step onto mesoporous metal oxide films using a mixture of PbX₂ and CH₃NH₃X in a common solvent. However, the uncontrolled precipitation of the perovskite produces large morphological variations, resulting in a wide spread of photovoltaic performance in the resulting devices, which hampers the prospects for practical applications. Here we describe a sequential deposition method for the formation of the perovskite pigment within the porous metal oxide film. PbI₂ is first introduced from solution into a nanoporous titanium dioxide film and subsequently transformed into the perovskite by exposing it to a solution of CH₃NH₃I. We find that the conversion occurs within the nanoporous host as soon as the two components come into contact, permitting much better control over the perovskite morphology than is possible with the previously employed route. Using this technique for the fabrication of solid-state mesoscopic solar cells greatly increases the reproducibility of their performance and allows us to achieve a power conversion efficiency of approximately 15 per cent (measured under standard AM1.5G test conditions on solar zenith angle, solar light intensity and cell temperature). This two-step method should provide new opportunities for the fabrication of solution-processed photovoltaic cells with unprecedented power conversion efficiencies and high stability equal to or even greater than those of today’s best thin-film photovoltaic devices.