Focal Properties of the Two-Tube Electrostatic Lens for Large Voltage Ratios

Abstract
Previous calculations of electron trajectories and first-order focal properties of the two-tube electrostatic lens have been extended to a voltage ratio of 1000. Considerable ultrafocal refraction occurs in these strong lenses, with the result that near the highest voltage ratio studied the two focal points are both on the low-voltage side of the lens and nearly coincident. The results are presented in the form of a table and P-Q (image-object) curves.