Properties of the Selenium- and Molybdenum-Containing Nicotinic Acid Hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri

Abstract

NADP⁺-coupled nicotinic acid hydroxylase (NAH) has been purified to near-homogeneity from Clostridium barkeri by an improved purification scheme that allowed the isolation of milligram amounts of enzyme of higher specific activity then previously reported. NAH is most stable at alkaline pH in the presence of glycerol. The protein which consists of four dissimilar subunits occurs in forms of different molecular masses. There are 5−7 Fe, 1 FAD, and 1 Mo per 160 kDa protein protomer. Mo in the enzyme is bound to a dinucleotide form of molybdopterin and is coordinated with selenium. Mo(V), flavin radical, and two Fe₂S₂ clusters could be observed with EPR spectroscopy. The Se cofactor which is essential for nicotinic acid hydroxylase activity could be released from NAH as a reactive low molecular weight compound by a number of denaturing procedures. Parallel losses of Se and catalytic activity were observed during purification and storage of the enzyme. Addition of sodium selenide or selenophosphate did not restore the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Instead, NAH is reversibly inactivated by these compounds and also by sulfide. Cyanide, a common inhibitor of Mo-containing hydroxylases, does not affect NAH catalytic activity. The “as isolated” enzyme exhibits a Mo(V) EPR signal (2.067 signal) that was detected at early stages of purification. NAH exhibits a high substrate specificity toward electron donor substrates. The ability of a nicotinate analog to reduce NAH (disappearance of 2.067 signal) correlates with the rate of oxidation of the analog in the standard assay mixture. The properties of NAH differentiate the enzyme from known Mo-containing hydroxylases.