A Discussion on the evolution of the Precambrian crust - A structural interpretation of the northern margin of the Limpopo orogenic belt, southern Africa

Abstract

Two different coupled ocean--atmosphere models simulate irregular interannual fluctuations that in many respects resemble El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomena. For example, the spatial structure of various fields at the peaks of the warm El Nino and cold La Nina phases of the oscillation are realistic. This success indicates that the models capture certain aspects of the interactions between the ocean and atmosphere that cause the Southern Oscillation. The principal difference between the models, namely the prominence of oceanic Kelvin waves in one but not the other, causes the two models to differ significantly in the way El Nino episodes evolve, and in the mechanisms that cause a turnabout from El Nino to La Nina and vice versa. It is possible that the different processes that determine the properties of the simulated oscillations all play a role in reality, at different times and in different regions. Each of the models captures some aspects of what is possible. However, reality is far more complex than any model developed thus far and additional processes not yet included are also likely to have a significant influence on the observed Southern Oscillation.