Hot-Electron Injection into Helium and Other Insulating Liquids from a Tunnel Junction

Abstract
Hot electrons have been injected into liquid helium, cyclohexane, and benzene from a metal-oxide-metal cathode. The effective barrier for electron injection into helium from these metalliclike electrodes was found to be between 2 and 3 eV, an extra large value probably arising from the additional energy requirements on the free electron in overcoming energy-loss processes and the image potential. The range of these low-energy free electrons is estimated to be ∼70 Å.