The Bose-Einstein Condensation for Thin Films

Abstract

The distinction is made between a condensation temperature in the thermodynamic sense, where the thermodynamic functions have a discontinuity, and an abrupt accumulation (in the statistical mechanical sense) of particles in the ground state of a system. The criterion for the latter is that an integral will not approximate one term of a sum. The problem of a thin film of gas is solved to illustrate this distinction. For films thicker than a critical thickness a condensation occurs at the same temperature as that for bulk material. The thinner films are effectively two dimensional and have an abrupt accumulation temperature lower than the bulk condensation temperature. Films of liquid helium are briefly considered.