Impact of Air Pollution by Lead on the Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in School-Age Children

Abstract

Blood-lead level (Pb-B), erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) concentration, δ-aminolevulinie acid concentration in urine (ALAU), hematocrit value, and hemoglobin concentration were compared for groups of children 10–13 years old from areas differently polluted by lead (rural area and lead smelter area). The biological responses of the children were also compared with those observed in adults similarly exposed to lead (Pb-B: 10–40 μ/100 ml). Compared with the rural children, children living less than 1 km from the smelter exhibited a significant increase of Pb-B and FEP, a significant inhibition of ALAD, and a slight positive correlation of ALAU with Pb-B; however, they showed no biological signs of anemia. In children living approximately 1.5 km from the smelter, there was still a signfiicant increase of Pb-B and a concomitant inhibition of ALAD, but no change in FEP concentration. Comparison of the dose-response curves between Pb-B and FEP in adult males, adult females, and children indicates that the sensitivity to lead is in the order of children ≥ women > men. Based on the FEP response, it is proposed that 25 μ Pb/100 ml blood be regarded as the maximum biologically allowable concentration of lead in blood of school-age children.