Certain Inevitable Relationships among the "Unipolar" Extremity Leads

Abstract

It is demonstrated in this paper, both mathematically and experimentally, that the scalar sums of the three "unipolar" extremity leads when recorded with resistors of high value in the neutral network must equal zero if all the possible sources of error are eliminated. However, this fact has no bearing upon the validity of the Einthoven hypothesis or upon the theoretic concepts underlying the Wilson central terminal. In fact, when any three points are chosen at random to make a central terminal and the potential differences between each of the three points in turn and the central terminal are recorded, the scalar sum of these potential differences will invariably equal zero. It is also shown why any augmented "unipolar" extremity lead must be exactly 50 per cent greater than the respective unaugmented "unipolar" extremity lead if properly recorded.