Abstract
There seems little reason to doubt that most blood-sucking invertebrates harbour in their digestive tract natural flagellate parasites, which have erroneously been described by various authors as part of the life-cycles of blood-parasites from vertebrates. Among arthropods such natural flagellates have now been observed in ticks, lice, bugs, mosquitoes, biting and non-biting flies, and fleas; and the list of such hosts steadily grows.