Paper 6: Tyre Forces as Functions of Cornering and Braking Slip on Wet Road Surfaces

Abstract
The pure braking and cornering forces of a given tyre on a given wet surface at a given speed are functions of braking slip and slip angle respectively. These functional relationships are of great importance in connection with the handling and stability of vehicles and the behaviour of brakes and antilocking devices. When cornering and braking occur simultaneously the forces interact and the functional relationships are modified, with consequent effects on vehicle characteristics. The empirical data available at the Laboratory on these relationships, both for pure forces and for forces in combination, are presented. The known effects of such factors as speed, road surface texture, tread pattern, tread resilience, and tyre construction are reported, but since the work was carried out at various times and for various purposes the coverage is incomplete and uneven. The test vehicle, test procedure and the methods of measuring and evaluating the data are briefly described. Some data have been analysed statistically to discover the dependence of the various frictional coefficients on factors such as those mentioned above. It is believed that greater use should be made of these statistical techniques in future work. Raw data can also be converted into such practical quantities as braking distances, wheel locking times, etc., by computing theoretically the behaviour of model braking systems. An example of such a study is given. The principal features of the mutual effect of braking and cornering forces may be summarized as follows: (a) If curves of sideway force against slip angle are plotted for constant values of braking force, there is little change of initial slope, but the maximum sideway force and the slip angle at which it occurs are reduced. If, however, the curves are plotted for constant braking slip, then the initial slope is decreased and the slip angle for maximum sideway force is increased; at this same angle the sideway force at zero braking slip will only be slightly greater. (b) The presence of a fixed amount of angular slip reduces the initial slope of the curve of braking force against braking slip, reduces the maximum value of the force, and increases the slip at which it is attained. (c) In a few cases examined, if resultant force is plotted against resultant slip for a given speed, tyre, and surface, there is a tendency for the points to lie in a fairly definite band having a form similar to that of the braking force–braking slip curve.