The Bionomics of Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, with a redescription of the Adult and Nymphal Stages and a description of the Larvae

Abstract

1. Ixodes holocyclus is a three-host tick.2. It is found on native mammals, being abundant on Perameles nasuta (the bandicoot), while it has also been found on dogs, cats and man, and exceptionally on the large bush opossum and the rat.3. Eggs hatch in from 49–61 days in warm weather.4. Larvae harden and become active in about seven days, and engorge on host in 4–6 days.5. Larval metamorphosis is prolonged by cold, and is most rapid in warm weather, varying from 19–41 days.6. Nymphs harden and are quiescent for about seven days, and engorge in 4–7 days.7. Adults emerge from larval skin in 21–71 days.8. Coupling occurs away from the host and may last 11 days.9. Adults harden and seek the host in about seven days and engorge in from 6–21 days.10. Males are only rarely found on hosts, and have never been found attached or showing signs of engorgement.11. Oviposition begins 11–20 days after the female leaves the host, and may last from 16–34 days; the number of eggs laid being about 1800–2500.12. All stages are soon killed by desiccation, gorged nymphs and larvae being very soon killed even at moderate temperature.13. A mass infestation with Ixodes holocyclus has not been seen either on native or domesticated animals.