Toxicity of Combined Ganciclovir and Zidovudine for Cytomegalovirus Disease Associated with AIDS

Abstract

The study objective was to assess the toxicity, efficacy, and pharmacology of combined zidovudine and ganciclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and serious cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. The design was a prospective, phase I multicenter trial (ACTG 004) with patients grouped by previous study drug history. The setting included iniversity-based AIDS Clinical Trials Units sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Forty-one patients with AIDS-related CMV disease. Previous therapy with either zidovudine or ganciclovir was allowed. Patients were treated with zidovudine, 600 to 1200 mg/d; or, if on ganciclovir maintenance, ganciclovir, 5 mg/kg body weight, blood was sampled for pharmacokinetic studies. The other drug was then administered to the patient with blood sampling and, finally, the two drugs in combination were given. Patients were continued on both drug therapies with dose reduction of zidovudine only for grade 3 or 4 toxicity. The measurements and main results indicate forty patients were eligible. Hematologic toxicity was frequent, with 9 of the 10 patients requiring dose reductions for grade 3 or 4 toxicity at zidovudine doses of 1200 mg/d. With zidovudine doses of 600 mg/d, 82% experienced such hematologic toxicity. Median survival was 6 months; 10 patients developed intercurrent infection and 19, progressive CMV disease. Pharmacokinetic variables (alpha and beta halflives, volume of distribution, clearance) were not affected in combination therapy. In conclusion the combination of zidovudine and ganciclovir is poorly tolerated in patients with AIDS and serious CMV disease, with 82% developing severe to life-threatening hematologic toxicity. Such toxicity is not a result of pharmacologic interactions, drug metabolism, or excretion.