Dr. Richard Ryder proposes a system of ethics which brings together the Utilitarian and Rights traditions emphasising the importance of painience and the individual. Ryder condemns speciesism and the destruction of the environment on the grounds that they cause pain. He speculates on the nature of consciousness and points out that because consciousness cannot be transferred between individuals the Utilitarian practice of trading-off pains and pleasures across individuals is invalid. Ryder emphasises the importance of thez maximun sufferer.