Frequency domain evaluation of the accuracy of lumped element models for RLC transmission lines

Abstract
The accuracy of lumped element models for single RLC transmission lines is evaluated. To this end a new error criterion is proposed which permits to avaluate the accuracy of the models independent of driving and loading impedance levels. The results of the accuracy evaluation are represented in a concise way under form of a diagram and the use is illustrated by a typical example. In a second part of the paper examples of time domain simulations illustrate how the use of lumped element models can be extended to coupled lines with frequency dependent losses.