The Validity of the Equilateral Tetrahedron as a Spatial Reference System

Abstract

The error involved in the use of the equilateral tetrahedron reference system for electrocardiographic or vectorcardiographic studies has been investigated by means of an electrical dipole placed in the esophagus. Vectors plotted from the potential differences between electrodes defining the reference system were found to correspond fairly closely to the actual position of the dipole, indicating that the error is small.