Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia

Abstract

The genetics of schizophrenia and other mental disorders are complex and poorly understood, and made even harder to study because reduced reproduction rates result in negative selection pressure on risk alleles. To date, some copy number variations have been linked to schizophrenia but the studies have been relatively small. Now two independent large-scale genome-wide studies of thousands of patients and controls by two international consortia confirm a previously identified locus but also reveal novel associations. In the first study, a collaboration between SGENE and partners, de novo (spontaneous) copy number variants are reported on chromosomes 1 and 15. In the second study, by the International Schizophrenia Consortium, deletions were also reported on these chromosomes, as was greater overall frequency of copy number variation in the genome. The genetics of schizophrenia and other mental disorders are complex and poorly understood, and made even harder to study due to reduced reproduction resulting in negative selection pressure on risk alleles. Two independent large-scale genome wide studies of thousands of patients and controls by two international consortia confirm a previously identified locus, but also reveal novel associations. In this study, de novo (spontaneous) copy number variants are reported on chromosomes 1 and 15. Reduced fecundity, associated with severe mental disorders1, places negative selection pressure on risk alleles and may explain, in part, why common variants have not been found that confer risk of disorders such as autism2, schizophrenia3 and mental retardation4. Thus, rare variants may account for a larger fraction of the overall genetic risk than previously assumed. In contrast to rare single nucleotide mutations, rare copy number variations (CNVs) can be detected using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. This has led to the identification of CNVs associated with mental retardation4,5 and autism2. In a genome-wide search for CNVs associating with schizophrenia, we used a population-based sample to identify de novo CNVs by analysing 9,878 transmissions from parents to offspring. The 66 de novo CNVs identified were tested for association in a sample of 1,433 schizophrenia cases and 33,250 controls. Three deletions at 1q21.1, 15q11.2 and 15q13.3 showing nominal association with schizophrenia in the first sample (phase I) were followed up in a second sample of 3,285 cases and 7,951 controls (phase II). All three deletions significantly associate with schizophrenia and related psychoses in the combined sample. The identification of these rare, recurrent risk variants, having occurred independently in multiple founders and being subject to negative selection, is important in itself. CNV analysis may also point the way to the identification of additional and more prevalent risk variants in genes and pathways involved in schizophrenia.