Planar optical waveguides formed by silver-ion migration in glass
- 1 April 1977
- journal article
- Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics
- Vol. 13 (4), 192-200
- https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1977.1069321
Abstract
A detailed study has been carried out on the propagation-mode characteristics of graded-index planar optical waveguides formed by silver-sodium ion exchange. It has been found that the index profile can be accurately modeled by a monotonic decrease from a maximum value at the surface, following a second-order polynomial distribution. Definition of an effective diffusion constant leads to a universal mode-dispersion diagram applicable over a wide range of fabrication conditions. Interferometric observations of the refractive-index profile, together with electron microprobe analysis, give further support to the second-order polynomial distribution. The index profile has also been compared with silver-concentration profiles predicted by interdiffusion theory. Results obtained are also relevant to methods of coupling between planar and circular fiber-optical waveguides, where sections of optical fiber undergo ion exchange.Keywords
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