A Synopsis of the Biologies of Three Imported Parasites of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid12

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Abstract
General observations are reported on the biologies of three imported spotted alfalfa aphid parasites (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Eulophidae): Praon palitans Muesebeck, Trioxys utilis Muesebeck, and Aphelinus semiflavus Howard. Comparative life histories and such factors as mating, reproduction, oviposition, host preferences, adult longevities, sex ratios, hosts, and hyperparasites are discussed. Facultative diapause occurs in P. palitans, a condition believed to be previously unknown along the Aphidiinae. Uniparental and biparental reproduction was noted in A. semiflavus.