To evaluate the surgical results of patients with hepatitis B-, hepatitis C- and dual hepatitis B- and C-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we reviewed the clinical records 252 patients (196 men and 56 women) with complete profiles of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection who had hepatectomies to treat HCC from March, 1992, to August, 1998. The patients were divided into four groups, 30 patients (11.9%) without either hepatitis B surface antigen or anti-hepatitis C antibody (N-HCC group), 133 patients (52.8%) with hepatitis B infection only (B-HCC group), 66 patients (26.2%) with hepatitis C infection only (C-HCC group), and 23 patients (9.1%) with dual hepatitis B and C infection (BC-HCC group). Compared with the patients in the other groups, the patients in the C-HCC group were older and had more severe cirrhotic change of the liver. The surgical complication rates and hospital mortalities in the C-HCC and BC-HCC groups were 30.3% and 12.1% and 30.4% and 17.4%, respectively, which were higher than those in the N-HCC (13.3%, 3.3%) and B-HCC (15.8%, 3.8%) groups. The mean disease-free survivals for the N-HCC, B-HCC, C-HCC, and BC-HCC groups were 31.4, 25.4, 38.9 and 13.8 months, respectively, with the difference between the four groups being significant (P < 0.05). However, the mean overall survival times, 38.3 months for the N-HCC group, 37.2 months for the B-HCC group, 52.1 months for the C-HCC group, and 32.7 months for the BC-HCC group, were not significantly different (P = 0.146). In conclusion, surgical treatments for HCC related to hepatitis C or dual hepatitis B and C infection were associated with a higher surgical complication rate and hospital mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma related to dual hepatitis B and C infection recurred earlier after hepatectomy, but the overall survival of the four groups was not significantly different.