Thermo-electric Effect in Single-Crystal Bismuth

Abstract

Thermal e.m.f., thermo-electric power, Peltier heat of single-crystal Bi against constantan as functions of crystal orientation.—Data are presented on the thermal e.m.f. against constantan of nine single-crystal wires of bismuth, of which the inclinations of the vertical axis, with respect to the wire axis, range from 23° to 83.5°. The temperature interval is from -182° to about 300°C. Some of the observed results are also referred to copper for the sake of comparison with results of previous workers. Data are also given on the thermal e.m.f. of liquid bismuth against various crystal orientations. The thermo-electric power, and Peltier heat, computed from the e.m.f.-temperature curves in the usual fashion, agree well with the Voigt-Thomson symmetry relation for temperatures above 0°C, but depart somewhat, though in no consistent fashion, from this relation for temperatures below 0°C.