Shot Effect of Secondary Electrons from Nickel and Beryllium

Abstract

The secondary emission ratios and shot effects from nickel and beryllium were measured over a range of primary energies up to 1600 volts. The results are consistent with the following conclusions. At high primary energies the true secondary electrons, as distinguished from the reflected primaries, are emitted in groups whose distribution in size about the average is closely Bernoullian. There are many primaries which are buried in the body of the metal and produce no secondaries; their number has been determined. Disregarding reflected and buried primaries, the secondary emission ratio is nearly proportional to the square root of the primary energy. At low primary energies the effects of reflection, both internal and external, can be followed in detail.