The choice of a parameter-passing technique is an importantdecision in the design of a high-level programminglanguage. To clarify some of the semantic aspectsof the decision, we develop, analyze, and comparemodifications of the -calculus for the most commonparameter-passing techniques, i.e., call-by-value andcall-by-name combined with pass-by-worth and passby-reference, respectively. More specifically, for eachparameter-passing technique we provide1. a program rewriting semantics for...