Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and superoxide production reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and restores coronary vasomotor function in rat cardiac allografts

Abstract

Objective: Oxidants such as nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide are involved in coronary endothelial dysfunction, an early event in the process of allograft coronary atherogenesis, possibly by activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and extracellular matrix proteins. We investigated the contribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) derived NO and superoxide on (MMP)-9 activity and to changes in coronary vasomotor function in rat cardiac allografts. Methods and Results: An allogenic (Brown Norway to Lewis rats) heterotopic cardiac transplantation model was used to study the effect of continuous treatment with a selective iNOS inhibitor; N-(3-(aminomethyl) benzyl) acetamidine (1400W), and polyethylene glycol conjugated superoxide dismutase (SOD) either alone or in combination on coronary vasomotor dysfunction. 1400W or SOD 24 h alone or their combination improved endothelium-dependent (bradykinin) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) coronary flow reserve and inhibited enhanced MMP-9 protein and activity. In addition, histopathological study revealed that either 1400W or SOD or their combination reduced superoxide production and nitrotyrosine protein. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates for the first time that selective iNOS inhibition or SOD treatment reduces enhanced MMP-9 protein and activity associated with improvement of both, endothelium-dependent and -independent coronary vasomotor function in rat cardiac allografts. This is accompanied by reduction of nitrotyrosine and superoxide production. This suggests that the proteolytic enzyme MMP-9 is an effector molecule of oxidant-mediated coronary vasomotor dysfunction.