IN 1889 Starr published the first comprehensive review of the problem of brain tumors in children. This report was followed by those of Read, Tooth and Critchley, representing the total experience, chiefly neuropathologic, gained from 564 patients. A high incidence of tuberculoma was noted, probably due to the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Europe and the inclusion in these statistics of minute tuberculomas found in cases of tuberculous meningitis. The modern treatment of this subject may be said to have commenced with successive analyses of the Cushing tumor material by Van Wagenen and by Cushing. Their findings may be summarized in the simple statement that 75% of the neoplasms of the pre-adolescent brain are malignant gliomas; numerous references are made by these authors to the almost complete absence of such common adult tumors as meningiomas, acoustic neuromas and pituitary adenomas. It is the purpose of this paper to report our experience, covering a 12-year period, with 164 cases of brain tumor in patients 16 years of age or younger, with the hope that this record may aid in formulating what appears to be an historic end-point in the consideration of these difficult problems. INCIDENCE Between January, 1939, and January, 1951, these 164 cases of brain tumor appeared among 28,385 children less than 16 years of age admitted to Duke Hospital, an incidence of 0.42%. Rand and Van Wagenen found 38 cases of brain tumor in children among total admissions of 11,340, an incidence of 0.33%. From a similar hospital population, Bailey, Buchanan and Bucy found 38 cases in 40,443 admissions, an incidence of 0.09%. In the general population of the Duke Hospital during the 10-year period, these 164 cases were recorded among an inpatient census of 135,066 cases, an incidence of 0.09%.