It is our object in this paper to report the histories of two patients with almost identical clinical manifestations. In so doing, we believe that we are reporting a hitherto undescribed disease entity as well as demonstrating its specific etiologic factor and its treatment. The histories will appear later. The essential facts, however, can be briefly summed up as follows: Case 1 first came to our attention because roentgenograms showed multiple calcium deposits in the pyramids of both kidneys as well as kidney stones (fig. 1). This finding in adults had hitherto been considered almost pathognomonic of hyperparathyroidism,1and a presumptive diagnosis of that condition was made. Calcium and phosphorus studies, however, were normal, which ruled out such a diagnosis. It was then noted that the roentgenogram of the kidneys differed from roentgenograms of cases of hyperparathyroidism with nephrocalcinosis in that the calcium deposits were of unequal size and