The Interaction of Baccatin III with the Taxol Binding Site of Microtubules Determined by a Homogeneous Assay with Fluorescent Taxoid

Abstract

The ubiquitous Taxol binding site of microtubules also binds newly discovered ligands. We have designed a homogeneous assay for the high throughput detection of Taxol biomimetics, based on the displacement of 7-O-[N-(2,7-difluoro-4‘-fluoresceincarbonyl)-l-alanyl]Taxol from its binding site in diluted solutions of preserved microtubules. The state of this reference ligand is measured by fluorescence anisotropy in a microplate reader, with varying concentrations of nonfluorescent competitors. The binding equilibrium constant of Taxol has a value K_b = 3.7 × 10⁷ M^-1. We have found that baccatin III, an analogue of Taxol without the C-13 side chain, binds with K_b = 1.5 × 10⁵ M^-1, whereas the side chain methyl ester is inactive. This was unexpected from the structure−activity relationship of taxoids but compatible with models of Taxol docked at the microtubule site. Baccatin III binding has been confirmed by displacement of [³H]Taxol and by direct HPLC measurements of its cosedimentation with microtubules, among other methods. Consequently, baccatin III induces microtubule bundles and multipolar spindles in PtK2 and U937 cells, and mitotic arrest and apoptotic death of the U937 cells, at concentrations 200−500-fold larger than Taxol. The simplest analysis of these results strongly suggests that the interaction of the C-2 C-4 substituted taxane ring system with the microtubule binding site provides most (ca. 75%) of the free energy change of Taxol binding and is sufficient to activate microtubule stabilization and transmit the antitumor effects of Taxol, whereas the C-13 side chain provides a weak specific anchor.