SUMMARY: Antidromically-identified paraventricular (PV) neurones were studied in the anaesthetized rat during milk ejection (ME) evoked by the natural stimulus provided by the suckling young. An intermittent pattern of ME was observed, though the ME interval was slightly longer (10–20 min) in the doe during unit recording than in unoperated or conscious animals (5–15 min). PV neurones displayed a steady background of spike discharge in both the non-lactating rat and lactating rat during suckling. The firing rates ranged from 0 to 9·4 spikes/s and were exponentially distributed with 32% of the units firing at <1 spike/s. Phasic patterns of discharge were seen in 18% of the units. Fifty-eight per cent of the PV units displayed a stereotyped and explosive acceleration in spike activity some 15–20 s before the rise in intramammary pressure at ME. The peak firing rate during this brief (2–4 s) response was in the range of 24–84 spikes/s. A prominent after-inhibition was then displayed by these responsive units, though this second component of the response was variable in duration (7–56 s). The electrical activity of the remaining units, including all the cells with phasic discharge, was not correlated with ME. There was no apparent change in the intensity of the suckling stimulus at the time of PV activation, i.e. 15–20 s before ME. Secondly, the activity of the PV neurones was not influenced by the rise in the intramammary pressure and the increased sucking of the pups at the time of ME. Simulation of an individual ME was obtained with both 1 mu. exogenous oxytocin, i.v., and electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis (50 pulses/s for 4 s). The latencies to ME ranged from 7–14 s and 11–23 s, respectively. In conclusion, an explosive increase in the electrical activity of PV neurones precipitates the release of oxytocin at ME.