Electrochemical growth of iron and cobalt arborescences under a magnetic field

Abstract

Pattern formation in the electrochemical deposition of the magnetic Fe and Co metals from thin layers of $\mathrm{Fe}\left({\mathrm{SO}}_4\right)$ or $\mathrm{Co}\left({\mathrm{SO}}_4\right)$ aqueous solutions were investigated in circular geometry and under magnetic field. Sparse arborescences with few thick branches and dense arborescences with many thin branches can be generated when no magnetic field is applied. Unlike for nonmagnetic metals, no tendency towards growth spiraling or asymmetric branching is found out in magnetic field normal to the plane of the growth. The morphology of the deposits appears instead to become more sparse. Under in-plane magnetic field, the sparse arborescences get into a needle morphology, oriented along the field, while the dense arborescences show a circular to rectangular morphology symmetry breaking, one edge of the rectangle being parallel to the field. Unexpected in most instances, these magnetic field effects cannot be understood without invoking the magnetic dipolar interaction inside the magnetized growing aggregate together with its interaction with the applied field.