Instabilities due to Magnetic Field Spatial Variations

Abstract
A departure from the usual assumption of a uniform magnetic field in the calculation of the Harris dispersion relation is shown to lead to new velocity-space instability. If the magnetic field variations are small and if a particle transit time through a complete cycle of the field is less than the instability growth time, an average (velocity-dependent) gyrofrequency may be assumed which leads to negative-mass-type instabilities.