Objectives: Wood combustion is used as a major energy source in African countries and could result in indoor, pollution-related health problems. This exploratory study was undertaken to estimate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and carbon monoxide exposure in individuals living in traditional rural houses in Burundi. Methods: Standard methods were used to determine indoor air concentrations of 12 PAHs, and carbon monoxide. The urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was measured in occupants of traditional houses, and compared with that of individuals living in the town of Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi. Results: Mean airborne concentration of four volatile PAHs, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and acenaphthene, exceeded 1 μg/m3, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 0.07 μg/m3. Naphthalene was by far the main PAH contaminant, with a mean concentration (±standard deviation) of 28.7 ± 23.4 μg/m3, representing on average 60–70% of total PAH concentration. Carbon monoxide mean concentration (±standard deviation) was 42 ± 31 mg/m3, and correlated with total PAH concentration. Geometric mean urinary 1-OHP excretion (range) in people living in traditional houses was 1.50 (0.26–15.62) μmol/mol creatinine, a value which is on average 30 times higher than that of people living in the capital (0.05 (0.009–0.17) μmol/mol creatinine). Conclusions: It appears that the substantially high concentrations of the studied contaminants constitute a potential health hazard to the rural population of Burundi.