Factors of Human Aggression: A Cross-Cultural Factor Analysis of. Characteristics Related to Warfare and Crime

Abstract

An orthogonal factor analysis was applied to a phi coefficient matrix composed of 78 cultural characteristics related to warfare. The first un- rotated, the first two and the first six rotated factors were examined. A clear bipolar warfare factor emerged in all three of these groups of factors, which was also related to both crime and theft. Other characteristics re lated to warfare were nonindulgent child-raising practices, emphasis on achievement, narcissism (sensitivity to insult, boastfulness, display of wealth), social anxiety, and punishment of pre- and extramarital sexuality. Techno logical development, social complexity, and lineage were only minimally related to warfare. Consequently, psychocultural dynamics evidently are the primary factors related to aggression in cultures. Warlike cultures are more restrictive and more punitive toward children and adults, and their members are evidently less well adjusted than those in peaceful cultures.