Myotonic dystrophy: tissue-specific effect of somatic CTG expansions on allele-specific DMAHP/SIX5 expression

Abstract

Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most common inherited muscle disorder, is caused by a CTG expansion in the 3′-untranslated region of a protein kinase gene (DMPK). The complex and variable phenotype is most likely caused by a complex molecular pathogenesis, including deficiency of the DMPK protein, a trans-dominant misregulation of RNA homeostasis and haploinsufficiency of a neighboring homeobox gene [DM locus-associated homeodomain protein (DMAHP.)] Here, we study the allele-specific transcriptional activity of the DMAHP/SIX5 gene in DM patient tissues. Using a quantitative fluorescent RT-PCR assay, we tested allele-specific accumulation of DMAHP/SIX5 transcripts in both total and poly(A)⁺ pools. In muscle biopsies, we found that transcript reductions of DMAHP/SIX5 alleles in cis with CTG expansions correlated with the extent of expansion. A patient with ∼90 CTG repeats in muscle DNA (normal n < 37) showed a 20% reduction of allele-specific transcript levels, while four other DM patients with larger expansions showed 80% reductions. The effects of the CTG expansions on DMAHP transcription were tissue specific: autopsy tissues from a patient with 1500 repeats showed 80% reductions in muscle and liver; however, RNA from other tissues (lung, aorta, heart conduction tissue, cerebellum) showed 0–20% reductions. Our results suggest that the effect of the CTG repeat on the DMAHP/SIX5 promoter is variable and tissue-specific. Our data are consistent with abnormalities of DMAHP/SIX5 probably having a more prominent role in disease pathogenesis in muscle, liver and brain, but being less important in other tissues.