Malformations of the craniofacial region: Evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives

Abstract

Malformations of the craniofacial region are reviewed with respect to evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives under the following headings: How Old Is Our Head?, Head Organization Genes, Genetics of Craniofacial Anomalies, Craniofacial Derivatives, Anencephaly, Cephalocele, Holoprosencephaly, Craniosynostosis, Hypertelorism, Branchial Arch Anomalies, and Orofacial Clefting.