The snapping response of the toad, Bufo bufo, towards prey dummies at very low light intensities

Abstract
Field studies showed that toads may snap at prey at light intensities at which human beings can no longer see. Experiments in the laboratory showed that snapping towards black mealworm dummies moved on a white background was independent of light intensities, from 1000 mlux to about 30-280 μlux. At lower intensities light seemed to be a limiting factor in the response. The level at which no response could be elicited was below 10 μlux. The day before and during a moult the snapping intensity was often low. It is concluded that toads can use visual cues for feeding at very low light intensities.