Plant biological warfare: thorns inject pathogenic bacteria into herbivores
- 2 November 2006
- journal article
- Published by Wiley in Environmental Microbiology
- Vol. 9 (3), 584-592
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01174.x
Abstract
Thorns, spines and prickles are among the rich arsenal of antiherbivore defence mechanisms that plants have evolved. Many of these thorns are aposematic, that is, marked by various types of warning coloration. This coloration was recently proposed to deter large herbivores. Yet, the mechanical defence provided by thorns against large herbivores might be only the tip of the iceberg in a much more complicated story. Here we present evidence that thorns harbour an array of pathogenic bacteria that are much more dangerous to herbivores than the painful mechanical wounding by the thorns. Pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of the life-threatening gas gangrene, and others, were isolated and identified from date palm (with green-yellow-black aposematic spines) and common hawthorn (with red aposematic thorns). These thorn-inhabiting bacteria have a considerable potential role in antiherbivory, and may have uniquely contributed to the common evolution of aposematism (warning coloration) in thorny plants.Keywords
This publication has 52 references indexed in Scilit:
- WARNING DISPLAYS IN SPINY ANIMALS: ONE (MORE) EVOLUTIONARY ROUTE TO APOSEMATISMEvolution, 2005
- Clostridium sardiniense Prévot 1938 and Clostridium absonum Nakamura et al. 1973 are heterotypic synonyms: evidence from phylogenetic analyses of phospholipase C and 16S rRNA sequences, and DNA relatednessInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2005
- Presence of Aposematic (Warning) Coloration in Vascular Plants of Southeastern OhioThe Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 2004
- When may green plants be aposematic?Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004
- Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracisNature, 2003
- Animal colour vision — behavioural tests and physiological conceptsBiological Reviews, 2003
- A tetrodotoxin-producing marine pathogenNature, 2000
- CHIHUAHUAN DESERT NOPALERAS: DEFAUNATED BIG MAMMAL VEGETATIONAnnual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1986
- Effects of plant spinescence on large mammalian herbivoresOecologia, 1986
- Plant Thorn SynovitisArthritis & Rheumatism, 1977