The Impact of Major In-Hospital Complications on Functional Outcome and Quality of Life after Trauma

Abstract

Little is known about the impact of major in-hospital complications on functional outcome in the short- and long-term period after serious injury. The Trauma Recovery Project (TRP) is a large, prospective, epidemiologic study designed to examine multiple outcomes after major trauma, including quality of life and functional limitation. Patient outcomes were assessed at discharge and at 6, 12, and 18 months after discharge. The specific objectives of the present report are to examine the effect of postinjury complications on functional outcomes at discharge and at 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up time points in the TRP population. Between December 1, 1993, and September 1, 1996, 1,048 eligible trauma patients triaged to four participating trauma center hospitals in the San Diego Regionalized Trauma System were enrolled in the study. The enrollment criteria for the study included age 18 years or older; admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12 or greater; and length of stay greater than 24 hours. Quality of life was measured after injury using the Quality of Well-being (QWB) scale, a sensitive index to the well end of the functioning continuum (range, 0 [death] to 1.000 [optimum functioning]). Major in-hospital complications were assessed for 820 patients and were coded as pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, hematologic, infections, renal, musculoskeletal, neurologic, and vascular, on the basis of standardized codes used in the Trauma Registry. Major in-hospital complications were present in 83 (10.1%) patients. Discharge QWB scores were significantly lower in patients with major complications (0.394 vs. 0.402, p < 0.05). QWB scores were also significantly lower at 6-month follow-up in patients with major complications (0.575 vs. 0.637, p < 0.0001). Types of major complications with significantly lower 6-month follow-up QWB scores were pulmonary, gastrointestinal, infections, and musculoskeletal. Patients with major complications also had significantly lower 12-month (0.626 vs. 0.674, p < 0.01) and 18-month (0.646 vs. 0.681, p < 0.05) follow-up QWB scores. Pulmonary major complications and infections were associated with significantly lower QWB scores at 12-month follow-up. These results provide new evidence that major in-hospital complications may have an important impact on functional outcomes after major trauma.