Determination of Charging Effect in Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nonconducting Solids

Abstract

It is shown by measurements of photoelectron spectra of Ba, Au, and Pd from various samples of BaSO₄ coated with microgram quantities of Au or Pd that electron binding energies in Ba are consistent to within 0.1 eV or less when kinetic energy shifts due to surface charging are corrected for by referring the energies of the Au or Pd lines to the same lines measured with conducting metallic samples.