Nature of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates in rubidium

Abstract

We perform detailed close-coupling calculations for the rubidium isotopes ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ to ascertain the nature of their spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. These calculations predict that the spinor condensate for the spin-1 boson ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ has a ferromagnetic nature. The spinor condensates for the spin-2 bosons ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb},$ however, are both predicted to be polar. The nature of a spin-1 condensate hinges critically on the sign of the difference between the s-wave scattering lengths for total spins 0 and 2 while the nature of a spin-2 condensate depends on the values of the differences between s-wave scattering lengths for the total spins 0, 2, and 4. These scattering lengths were extracted previously and found to have overlapping uncertainties for all three cases, thus leaving the nature of the spinor condensates ambiguous. The present study exploits a refined uncertainty analysis of the scattering lengths based on recently improved result from experimental work by Roberts et al., which permits us to extract an unambiguous result for the nature of the ground state spinor condensates.