Stimulation of precipitation of calcium phosphate by matrix vesicles

Abstract

The ability of matrix vesicles isolated from the epiphysial growth plate of 6 wk old chicks to facilitate the precipitation of calcium phosphate was studied in vitro. The vesicles lowered the minimum concentration product [Ca2+] .times. [Pi] needed to induce crystal formation, thereby showing that the vesicles are nucleators of crystallization. After freezing and thawing the vesicles at pH 6.0, part but not all of this ability to nucleate disappeared. Freezing and thawing markedly decreased the Ca and Pi content of the vesicles, suggesting that part of the nucleating activity may be due to mineral already present. After removal of the mineral the residual nucleating activity could be destroyed by extracting the vesicles with lipid solvents or by treatment with enzymes such as phospholipase C, neuraminidase or proteinase. Matrix vesicles obtained from chicks treated with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, a compound that inhibits calcification in vivo, showed impaired nucleating activity, both before and after treatment at pH 6.0. The vesicle preparation bound some diphosphonate in vitro, probably to the mineral present in the preparation, since no binding could be detected in vesicles preincubated at pH 6.0. No difference was found in the nucleating activity of vesicles isolated from rachitic chicks which had or had not received cholecalciferol 48 h before death. These results suggest that matrix vesicles possess intrinsic nucleating activity that may be important in biological calcification.