A second functional RNA domain in the 5′ UTR of the Tomato bushy stunt virus genome: Intra- and interdomain interactions mediate viral RNA replication

Abstract

The 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of (+)-strand RNA viruses play a variety of roles in the reproductive cycles of these infectious agents. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) belongs to this class of RNA virus and is the prototype member of the genus Tombusvirus. Previous studies have demonstrated that a T-shaped domain (TSD) forms in the 5′ half of the TBSV 5′ UTR and that it plays a central role in viral RNA replication. Here we have extended our structure–function analysis to the 3′ half of the 5′ UTR. Investigation of this region in the context of a model viral replicon (i.e., a TBSV-derived defective interfering [DI] RNA) revealed that this segment contains numerous functionally relevant structural features. In vitro solution structure probing along with comparative and computer-aided RNA secondary structure analyses predicted the presence of a simple stem loop (SL5) followed by a more complex downstream domain (DSD). Both structures were found to be essential for efficient DI RNA accumulation when tested in a plant protoplast system. For SL5, maintenance of the base of its stem was the principal feature required for robust in vivo accumulation. In the DSD, both helical and unpaired regions containing conserved sequences were necessary for efficient DI RNA accumulation. Additionally, optimal DI RNA accumulation required a TSD–DSD interaction mediated by a pseudoknot. Modifications that reduced accumulation did not appreciably affect DI RNA stability in vivo, indicating that the DSD and SL5 act to facilitate viral RNA replication.