Structure, morphology and crystal growth of anisotropic magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria

Abstract

Bacterial magnetite particles of anisotropic morphology have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Lattice images of individual crystals are consistent with a well-ordered magnetite cubic inverse spinel structure. The idealized morphology of the biogenic crystals is based on an elongated cubo-octahedral from comprising a hexagonal prism of {111} and {100} faces capped by ($\overline{1}\overline{1}$1) and (11$\overline{1}$) faces with associated {111} and {100} truncations. Analysis of many particles of diverse size suggests that crystal growth takes place in two stages. The first stage is associated with the formation of well-ordered, isotropic, single-domain crystals of cubo-octahedral morphology. In this stage the crystal length and width develop concurrently up to a size of 20 nm. The second stage involves the anisotropic growth of the isotropic particles along the [11$\overline{2}$] direction. A crystal growth mechanism is postulated which involves the specific nucleation of the ($\overline{1}\overline{1}$1) face on a surrounding organic membrane. Unidirectional growth then occurs by selective suppression of certain crystallographic axes through spatial and chemical constraints induced by the adjacent organic boundary.