Acid rain effects on foliar histology of Artemisia tilesii

Abstract

The present study describes the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5-5.6) on foliar histology of an arctic herb, A. tilesii Ledeb., which is remarkably tolerant to naturally occurring atmospheric acidity at Smoking Hills, Northwest Territories [Canada]. Plants were exposed to simulated acid rain twice weekly for 4 wk in exposure chambers in the greenhouse. Droplets as acidic as pH 2.5 caused limited macroscopic foliar damage. However, much greater damage was observed when sectioned left tissue was examined microscopically. On leaves having no injury visible to the unaided eye, small lesions consisting of 1-3 collapsed epidermal cells were observed in scanning electron micrographs and in cleared leaves after exposure to rain of pH 3.0 and 3.5. Stomata remained open in damaged areas of acid-sprayed leaves. Lesions most commonly developed from an initial collapse of a few adaxial epidermal cells, followed by progressive injury of underlying tissues. Palisade and spongy mesophyll cells underwent hypertrophic (abnormal cell enlargement) and hyperplastic (abnormal cell division) responses in the region adjacent to severely collapsed tissue, causing reduced intercellular spaces. These effects isolated the injured areas from adjacent healthy tissues, and resembled wound periderm responses to fungal pathogens and to mechanical irritation. This response may be one mechanism of limiting acid rain damage.