The Contributions of Diet and Childbearing to Breast-cancer Rates

Abstract

Mean, age-standardized breast-cancer mortality rates for women of 41 countries, during 1970-71, were closely correlated with diet for 1964-66. Partial correlation analysis indicated that breast-cancer rates were positively correlated with total fat, animal protein and animal calories, independently of other components of diet. These 3 components were correlated with 1 another so closely that it was not possible, with available data, to say whether any 1 was associated with breast cancer independently of the other 2. In addition to, and independently of, these correlations, breast cancer was associated with consumption of refined sugar. Breast-cancer mortality rates at 50-54 yr during 1964-67 for 26 countries were closely correlated with childbearing, expressed as mean family size for women aged 45-59 yr in 1960-61. However, this correlation was not independent of the correlations with diet, and variation of breast-cancer rates between countries probably arose predominantly from differences in diet. The variation of breast-cancer risk with childbearing, observed in clinical studies, seemed best regarded as a 2nd gradient of risk, seen more readily as variation of breast-cancer rates within a population, where differences in diet would be relatively small. The physiological basis for the association between breast cancer and diet was not clear. The dietary associations did not correlate in an obvious way with height, obesity and estrogen levels, factors observed in clinical studies to influence risk of breast cancer. That the observed statistical associations were real was supported by published findings on effects of diet on mammary cancer in experimental animals, and the lower rates of breast cancer among vegetarians.