Selectivity as a Function of Nanoparticle Size in the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Alcohols

Abstract

Layer-by-layer adsorption of poly(acrylic acid)−Pd(II) complexes and poly(ethylenimine) on alumina powder followed by reduction of Pd(II) with NaBH₄ yields Pd−nanoparticle catalysts embedded in multilayer polyelectrolyte films. The use of different ratios of poly(acrylic acid) to Pd(II) in deposition solutions gives a series of films with Pd nanoparticles whose average diameters range from 2.2 to 3.4 nm, and the catalytic selectivities of these nanoparticles vary dramatically with their size. Turnover frequencies (TOFs) for the hydrogenation of monosubstituted unsaturated alcohols increase with decreasing average nanoparticle size, whereas multisubstituted unsaturated alcohols show the opposite trend. Hence, the ratio of TOFs for the hydrogenation of allyl alcohol and crotyl alcohol is 39 with average particle diameters of 2.2 nm and only 1.3 with average particle diameters of 3.4 nm. Ratios of TOFs for hydrogenation of allyl alcohol and β-methallyl alcohol are as high as 240 with the smallest nanoparticles, but substantial isomerization of β-methallyl alcohol complicates this comparison. Increasing selectivity with decreasing average particle size occurs with both films deposited on alumina powder and nanoparticles stabilized by polyelectrolytes in solution. Presumably, high selectivities occur on the smallest nanoparticles because the active sites on the smallest Pd nanoparticles are less available for binding and hydrogenation of multisubstituted double bonds than are active sites on larger particles.