Electrical Currents Produced during the Solidification of Water (Costa Ribeiro Effect)

Abstract
A new type of cell for investigation of the Costa Ribeiro effect in water is described. The rate of change of water to ice can be controlled and measured, while the associated current is measured. The current is found to be proportional to the rate of change of water to ice and between 1 and 10 μC of charge are liberated for each gram of water frozen. The possible importance of the effect for the explanation of atmospheric electricity is discussed.