An Urban Diffusion Simulation Model For Carbon Monoxide

Abstract

A relatively simple Gaussian-type diffusion simulation model for calculating urban carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations as a function of local meteorology and the distribution of traffic is described. The model can be used in two ways: (1) in the synoptic mode, in which hourly concentrations at one or many receptor points are calculated from historical or forecast traffic and meteorological data; and (2) in the climatological mode, in which concentration frequency distributions are calculated on the basis of long-term sequences of input data. For model evaluation purposes, an extensive field study involving meteorological and air-quality measurements was conducted during November-December 1970 in San Jose, Calif., which has an automated network to provide traffic data throughout the central business district. Model refinements made on the basis of the data from this experimental program include the addition of a street-canyon submodel to compensate for the important aerodynamic effects of buildings on CO concentrations at streetside receptors. The magnitude of these effects was underscored by the concentrations measured on opposite sides of the street in San Jose, which frequently differed by a factor of two or more. Evaluation of the revised model has shown that calculated and observed concentration frequency distributions for street-canyon sites are in good agreement. Hour-average predictions are well correlated with observations (correlation coefficient of about 0.6 to 0.7), and about 80 percent of the calculated values are within 3 ppm of the observed hour-average concentrations, which ranged as high as 16 ppm.