Visible Study of Mercuric Ion and Its Conjugate in Living Cells of Mammals and Plants

Abstract

The investigation of mercuric ion and mercuric conjugate inside live specimens has drawn intense attention because of their cytotoxicity. The translocation, transportation, and distribution of Hg²⁺ inside either mammals or plants, however, are still invisible due to the lack of favorable fluorescent molecular sensors for Hg²⁺. Here, two sensors, 2,6-bis(4‘-peperazino-N‘-hydroxylethoxylethylene-1‘,8‘-naphthalimide)dimethylpyridine and 2,6-bis(4‘-peperazino-N‘-butyl-1‘,8‘-naphthalimide)dimethylpyridine, which were composed of nitrogen atoms of 2,6-bis(aminomethyl)pyridine as the ion receptor and the donor of photoinduced electron transfer, were applied to the cultured mammalian cells and plant cells. Their membrane permeability, low toxicity, slow bleaching/fading, and high selectivity and sensitivity to Hg²⁺ in a live cell rendered them attractive to become real-time and real-space sensors. For the first time, the transportation of Hg²⁺ cation and Hg²⁺ conjugate of cysteine was observed with the help of a fluorescence microscope. The chloroplast location of Hg²⁺ in transgenic tobacco was also visible.