Rufous hummingbird feeding territoriality in a suboptimal habitat

Abstract

Postbreeding migratory female and immature rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) establish feeding territories in dense meadows of several 'typical hummingbird plant species' and in individual Rhamnus purshiana shrubs. Resource utilization patterns and activity budgets of individuals in meadows are typical of territorial hummingbirds. Individuals in Rhamnus forage a high proportion of the time and are absent from their territories frequently and for long durations early and late in the day, and feed on other species during these absences. Rhamnus is marginally profitable to feed on and defend, but it may be the only available habitat for the individuals that utilize it.